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Jazzar Pasha
Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar ((アラビア語:أحمد الجزار); (トルコ語:Cezzar Ahmet Paşa); died 7 May 1804) was an Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet from 1776 until his death in 1804. During this period, he also simultaneously served three terms as the governor of Damascus Eyalet. Throughout his reign, al-Jazzar ruled from his headquarters in the fortified port city of Acre.
==Sources==
Volney was al-Jazzar's first European biographer and visited al-Jazzar's capital of Acre in 1783.〔Philipp 2013, p. (52 ).〕 According to historian Thomas Philipp, Volney "decided to use Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar as the archetype of the despotic tyrant. Since then, no literary vilification of al-Jazzar could be bad enough. Increasingly he was depicted as a murderous, paranoid, treacherous, and cruel despot."〔Philipp 1998, pp. 118–119.〕 Among the European contemporary sources who wrote about al-Jazzar after Volney were Baron de Tott, who visited Acre in 1784, the French vice consul in Acre, Jean-Pierre Renaudot, the French traveler Olivier, who met al-Jazzar in 1802 and A.J. Dénain.〔 European contemporaries of al-Jazzar often considered him the symbol of despotism and monstrosity, but also acknowledged the complexities and paradoxes of his personality.〔Philipp 2013, p. (60 ).〕 According to Philipp, it was only the descriptions of al-Jazzar by later authors, namely Mikhail Mishaqah and Édouard Lockroy, that were "reduced entirely to the monstrous and sensational".〔
"They say al-Jazzar is cruel and barbaric; he is only just."
— Jazzar Pasha, in response to European perceptions of him.〔
Philipp asserts that "al-Jazzar must have been a highly unpleasant ruler and probably did suffer towards the end of his life from paranoia, but there were also different sides to his personality".〔Philipp 1998, p. 119.〕 Accordingly, Philipp indicates that al-Jazzar's biography by Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, an 18th-century contemporary Arabic chronicler, "provides ... a much more sober account of al-Jazzar's life", which is largely corroborated by another Arabic contemporary source, Ahmad Haydar al-Shihab.〔 Both al-Jabarti, who was based in Cairo, and al-Shihab, who was based in Mount Lebanon, had great access to information about al-Jazzar and although their accounts are similar, they did not correspond with each other or share sources.〔Philipp 2013, p. (49 ).〕 The early 19th-century English writer E. D. Clarke commented that European stories of al-Jazzar "are easily propagated, and as readily believed and it is probable that many of them are without foundation."〔Philipp 2013, p. (56 ).〕 Nonetheless, Philipp states "the testimony is too general and too consistent to dismiss all accusations against him ()".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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